��JFIF��2� /proc/2939235/cwd/node_modules/query-string/ Current File: //proc/2939235/cwd/node_modules/query-string/readme.md
# query-string

> Parse and stringify URL [query strings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string)

<br>

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---

<br>

## Install

```
$ npm install query-string
```

**Not `npm install querystring`!!!!!**

This module targets Node.js 6 or later and the latest version of Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.

## Usage

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

console.log(location.search);
//=> '?foo=bar'

const parsed = queryString.parse(location.search);
console.log(parsed);
//=> {foo: 'bar'}

console.log(location.hash);
//=> '#token=bada55cafe'

const parsedHash = queryString.parse(location.hash);
console.log(parsedHash);
//=> {token: 'bada55cafe'}

parsed.foo = 'unicorn';
parsed.ilike = 'pizza';

const stringified = queryString.stringify(parsed);
//=> 'foo=unicorn&ilike=pizza'

location.search = stringified;
// note that `location.search` automatically prepends a question mark
console.log(location.search);
//=> '?foo=unicorn&ilike=pizza'
```

## API

### .parse(string, options?)

Parse a query string into an object. Leading `?` or `#` are ignored, so you can pass `location.search` or `location.hash` directly.

The returned object is created with [`Object.create(null)`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/create) and thus does not have a `prototype`.

#### options

Type: `object`

##### decode

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `true`

Decode the keys and values. URL components are decoded with [`decode-uri-component`](https://github.com/SamVerschueren/decode-uri-component).

##### arrayFormat

Type: `string`\
Default: `'none'`

- `'bracket'`: Parse arrays with bracket representation:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo[]=1&foo[]=2&foo[]=3', {arrayFormat: 'bracket'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}
```

- `'index'`: Parse arrays with index representation:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo[0]=1&foo[1]=2&foo[3]=3', {arrayFormat: 'index'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}
```

- `'comma'`: Parse arrays with elements separated by comma:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo=1,2,3', {arrayFormat: 'comma'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}
```

- `'separator'`: Parse arrays with elements separated by a custom character:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo=1|2|3', {arrayFormat: 'separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}
```

- `'bracket-separator'`: Parse arrays (that are explicitly marked with brackets) with elements separated by a custom character:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo[]', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: []}

queryString.parse('foo[]=', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['']}

queryString.parse('foo[]=1', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['1']}

queryString.parse('foo[]=1|2|3', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}

queryString.parse('foo[]=1||3|||6', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '', 3, '', '', '6']}

queryString.parse('foo[]=1|2|3&bar=fluffy&baz[]=4', {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3'], bar: 'fluffy', baz:['4']}
```

- `'colon-list-separator'`: Parse arrays with parameter names that are explicitly marked with `:list`:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo:list=one&foo:list=two', {arrayFormat: 'colon-list-separator'});
//=> {foo: ['one', 'two']}
```

- `'none'`: Parse arrays with elements using duplicate keys:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo=1&foo=2&foo=3');
//=> {foo: ['1', '2', '3']}
```

##### arrayFormatSeparator

Type: `string`\
Default: `','`

The character used to separate array elements when using `{arrayFormat: 'separator'}`.

##### sort

Type: `Function | boolean`\
Default: `true`

Supports both `Function` as a custom sorting function or `false` to disable sorting.

##### parseNumbers

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `false`

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo=1', {parseNumbers: true});
//=> {foo: 1}
```

Parse the value as a number type instead of string type if it's a number.

##### parseBooleans

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `false`

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('foo=true', {parseBooleans: true});
//=> {foo: true}
```

Parse the value as a boolean type instead of string type if it's a boolean.

### .stringify(object, options?)

Stringify an object into a query string and sorting the keys.

#### options

Type: `object`

##### strict

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `true`

Strictly encode URI components with [strict-uri-encode](https://github.com/kevva/strict-uri-encode). It uses [encodeURIComponent](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent) if set to false. You probably [don't care](https://github.com/sindresorhus/query-string/issues/42) about this option.

##### encode

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `true`

[URL encode](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent) the keys and values.

##### arrayFormat

Type: `string`\
Default: `'none'`

- `'bracket'`: Serialize arrays using bracket representation:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket'});
//=> 'foo[]=1&foo[]=2&foo[]=3'
```

- `'index'`: Serialize arrays using index representation:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]}, {arrayFormat: 'index'});
//=> 'foo[0]=1&foo[1]=2&foo[2]=3'
```

- `'comma'`: Serialize arrays by separating elements with comma:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]}, {arrayFormat: 'comma'});
//=> 'foo=1,2,3'

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, null, '']}, {arrayFormat: 'comma'});
//=> 'foo=1,,'
// Note that typing information for null values is lost
// and `.parse('foo=1,,')` would return `{foo: [1, '', '']}`.
```

- `'separator'`: Serialize arrays by separating elements with a custom character:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]}, {arrayFormat: 'separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo=1|2|3'
```

- `'bracket-separator'`: Serialize arrays by explicitly post-fixing array names with brackets and separating elements with a custom character:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: []}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]'

queryString.stringify({foo: ['']}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]='

queryString.stringify({foo: [1]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]=1'

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]=1|2|3'

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, '', 3, null, null, 6]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]=1||3|||6'

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, '', 3, null, null, 6]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|', skipNull: true});
//=> 'foo[]=1||3|6'

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3], bar: 'fluffy', baz: [4]}, {arrayFormat: 'bracket-separator', arrayFormatSeparator: '|'});
//=> 'foo[]=1|2|3&bar=fluffy&baz[]=4'
```

- `'colon-list-separator'`: Serialize arrays with parameter names that are explicitly marked with `:list`:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: ['one', 'two']}, {arrayFormat: 'colon-list-separator'});
//=> 'foo:list=one&foo:list=two'
```

- `'none'`: Serialize arrays by using duplicate keys:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: [1, 2, 3]});
//=> 'foo=1&foo=2&foo=3'
```

##### arrayFormatSeparator

Type: `string`\
Default: `','`

The character used to separate array elements when using `{arrayFormat: 'separator'}`.

##### sort

Type: `Function | boolean`

Supports both `Function` as a custom sorting function or `false` to disable sorting.

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

const order = ['c', 'a', 'b'];

queryString.stringify({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, {
	sort: (a, b) => order.indexOf(a) - order.indexOf(b)
});
//=> 'c=3&a=1&b=2'
```

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({b: 1, c: 2, a: 3}, {sort: false});
//=> 'b=1&c=2&a=3'
```

If omitted, keys are sorted using `Array#sort()`, which means, converting them to strings and comparing strings in Unicode code point order.

##### skipNull

Skip keys with `null` as the value.

Note that keys with `undefined` as the value are always skipped.

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `false`

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({a: 1, b: undefined, c: null, d: 4}, {
	skipNull: true
});
//=> 'a=1&d=4'
```

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({a: undefined, b: null}, {
	skipNull: true
});
//=> ''
```

##### skipEmptyString

Skip keys with an empty string as the value.

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `false`

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({a: 1, b: '', c: '', d: 4}, {
	skipEmptyString: true
});
//=> 'a=1&d=4'
```

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({a: '', b: ''}, {
	skipEmptyString: true
});
//=> ''
```

### .extract(string)

Extract a query string from a URL that can be passed into `.parse()`.

Note: This behaviour can be changed with the `skipNull` option.

### .parseUrl(string, options?)

Extract the URL and the query string as an object.

Returns an object with a `url` and `query` property.

If the `parseFragmentIdentifier` option is `true`, the object will also contain a `fragmentIdentifier` property.

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parseUrl('https://foo.bar?foo=bar');
//=> {url: 'https://foo.bar', query: {foo: 'bar'}}

queryString.parseUrl('https://foo.bar?foo=bar#xyz', {parseFragmentIdentifier: true});
//=> {url: 'https://foo.bar', query: {foo: 'bar'}, fragmentIdentifier: 'xyz'}
```

#### options

Type: `object`

The options are the same as for `.parse()`.

Extra options are as below.

##### parseFragmentIdentifier

Parse the fragment identifier from the URL.

Type: `boolean`\
Default: `false`

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parseUrl('https://foo.bar?foo=bar#xyz', {parseFragmentIdentifier: true});
//=> {url: 'https://foo.bar', query: {foo: 'bar'}, fragmentIdentifier: 'xyz'}
```

### .stringifyUrl(object, options?)

Stringify an object into a URL with a query string and sorting the keys. The inverse of [`.parseUrl()`](https://github.com/sindresorhus/query-string#parseurlstring-options)

The `options` are the same as for `.stringify()`.

Returns a string with the URL and a query string.

Query items in the `query` property overrides queries in the `url` property.

The `fragmentIdentifier` property overrides the fragment identifier in the `url` property.

```js
queryString.stringifyUrl({url: 'https://foo.bar', query: {foo: 'bar'}});
//=> 'https://foo.bar?foo=bar'

queryString.stringifyUrl({url: 'https://foo.bar?foo=baz', query: {foo: 'bar'}});
//=> 'https://foo.bar?foo=bar'

queryString.stringifyUrl({
	url: 'https://foo.bar',
	query: {
		top: 'foo'
	},
	fragmentIdentifier: 'bar'
});
//=> 'https://foo.bar?top=foo#bar'
```

#### object

Type: `object`

##### url

Type: `string`

The URL to stringify.

##### query

Type: `object`

Query items to add to the URL.

### .pick(url, keys, options?)
### .pick(url, filter, options?)

Pick query parameters from a URL.

Returns a string with the new URL.

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.pick('https://foo.bar?foo=1&bar=2#hello', ['foo']);
//=> 'https://foo.bar?foo=1#hello'

queryString.pick('https://foo.bar?foo=1&bar=2#hello', (name, value) => value === 2, {parseNumbers: true});
//=> 'https://foo.bar?bar=2#hello'
```

### .exclude(url, keys, options?)
### .exclude(url, filter, options?)

Exclude query parameters from a URL.

Returns a string with the new URL.

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.exclude('https://foo.bar?foo=1&bar=2#hello', ['foo']);
//=> 'https://foo.bar?bar=2#hello'

queryString.exclude('https://foo.bar?foo=1&bar=2#hello', (name, value) => value === 2, {parseNumbers: true});
//=> 'https://foo.bar?foo=1#hello'
```

#### url

Type: `string`

The URL containing the query parameters to filter.

#### keys

Type: `string[]`

The names of the query parameters to filter based on the function used.

#### filter

Type: `(key, value) => boolean`

A filter predicate that will be provided the name of each query parameter and its value. The `parseNumbers` and `parseBooleans` options also affect `value`.

#### options

Type: `object`

[Parse options](#options) and [stringify options](#options-1).

## Nesting

This module intentionally doesn't support nesting as it's not spec'd and varies between implementations, which causes a lot of [edge cases](https://github.com/visionmedia/node-querystring/issues).

You're much better off just converting the object to a JSON string:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({
	foo: 'bar',
	nested: JSON.stringify({
		unicorn: 'cake'
	})
});
//=> 'foo=bar&nested=%7B%22unicorn%22%3A%22cake%22%7D'
```

However, there is support for multiple instances of the same key:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.parse('likes=cake&name=bob&likes=icecream');
//=> {likes: ['cake', 'icecream'], name: 'bob'}

queryString.stringify({color: ['taupe', 'chartreuse'], id: '515'});
//=> 'color=taupe&color=chartreuse&id=515'
```

## Falsy values

Sometimes you want to unset a key, or maybe just make it present without assigning a value to it. Here is how falsy values are stringified:

```js
const queryString = require('query-string');

queryString.stringify({foo: false});
//=> 'foo=false'

queryString.stringify({foo: null});
//=> 'foo'

queryString.stringify({foo: undefined});
//=> ''
```

## FAQ

### Why is it parsing `+` as a space?

See [this answer](https://github.com/sindresorhus/query-string/issues/305).

## query-string for enterprise

Available as part of the Tidelift Subscription.

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